Institute for Christian Teaching
Education Department of Seventh-day Adventists
PROMOTING BIBLICAL LITERACY IN THE elementary
Classroom
by
Barbara Fisher
Faculty of Education
Prepared
for the
33rd
International Faith and Learning Seminar
held
at
January
30 - February 11, 2005
Promoting Biblical literacy in the elementary classroom.
Introduction
Biblical truths and Christian values
underpin all genuine Christian education.
If we are to educate resilient and committed Christian young people who
have developed the skills, techniques and moral courage to use this knowledge
in an informed and practical way, it is imperative that teachers convey and
transmit these truths and values in an engaging and realistic manner. Because
children are most susceptible and impressionable during the early years of
their schooling the earlier these concepts are conveyed by committed and
knowledgeable Christian teachers, the greater the opportunity for positive
outcomes.
In recent years
as a lecturer in the Faculty of Education,
Interestingly, a
number of recent articles (Hutchens, 2001; Knox, 2000; Robson, 2001) share her
concerns regarding the subject of biblical illiteracy. Other surveys seem to be
unearthing similar concerns and issues. In 2004 a study, National Study of
Youth and Religion (Smith, 2004) found that less than a third of
The
Results from a
number of surveys and research studies thus leave us with the distinct
possibility that our church community, like many other faith communities, is
becoming biblically illiterate. This possibility has serious implications for
the
Biblical Literacy Defined
Biblical literacy is more than Biblical knowledge. One definition that elaborates this concept is found in the Lutheran Bible Ministries Mission Statement.
·
The foundation of biblical
literacy is factual knowledge - knowing all the people, places, events and
teachings in the Bible.
·
A second and higher level is
that of assent - accepting this knowledge as truth, and believing that the
Bible is the word of God.
· The third and highest level is knowing the God of their Bible personally through a life changing commitment (Lutheran Bible Ministries, 2002).
As Adventist educators we would concur with this definition because our aim is to encourage our students to reach the highest level of biblical literacy. Also, Adventist educators have been given insightful instruction regarding effective Bible teaching strategies that should encourage our students to become biblically literate. Under the section titled, The Bible as an Educator, in the book Education, (White, 1952), topics such as Bible Teaching and Study are filled with challenges and ideas that we can share with our students whether they are in an elementary, secondary or a tertiary school setting. One very important aspect of biblical literacy, that we seem to gloss over many times, is the intellectual benefits it affords the reader. “There is nothing more calculated to energize the mind, and strengthen the intellect, than the study of the Word of God” (White, 1943, 460). Other benefits of Bible study are a balanced life style as well as engendering a resilience of character and the discernment of truth (Brown, 2002; White, 1943).
As teachers we want our students to become
literate in their first language and we spend dedicated time each day in the
elementary classroom to ensure that this skill is learned early in life.
Biblical literacy is the “language” of Christianity. It also needs a specific,
dedicated, allocated time slot, each day, in the classroom. However, biblical
literacy, as compared to language literacy, has eternal consequences and
therefore should have a high profile and priority in each Christian classroom.
Consequently teachers need to capitalize on these early introductory biblical
literacy experiences because children are most susceptible and impressionable
during the early years of their schooling and the earlier these biblical
literacy concepts are conveyed by committed and knowledgeable Christian
teachers, the greater the opportunity for positive outcomes.
Reasons
for Biblical illiteracy
There are
complex reasons for the decline in biblical literacy among Christians. One of
the biggest challenges currently facing the
Another apparent reason for biblical illiteracy involves the perception that young adults are discussing matters of spiritual warmth and meaningful relationships as an alternative to engaging in biblical discussion and doctrinal analysis (Young, 2004). If this is occurring then the Bible probably is not being discussed, studied or read regularly. Not surprisingly then, basic information such as the names of Bible books and the number of books in the Old Testament and the New Testament, are unfamiliar facts to some Avondale College pre-service elementary teachers.
Brunt (1994) wrote that the younger generation find the Bible irrelevant and are becoming biblically illiterate because they cannot see any connection between Bible study and their daily life. This is a valid concern that needs addressing but Daniel (1999) warns that in our quest to make the Bible relevant we need to be careful that we don’t replace Bible stories with situational ethics. This quote is most pertinent:
Raised in the church in an age of cultural relativism, some end up like a football player who graduated from high school without learning to read, sent into the world biblically illiterate (Daniel, 1999, 50).
Ironically, even though there is a proliferation of Bibles, fewer and fewer are being read (Hutchens, 2001).
Some reasons listed for biblical illiteracy by young people include: (1) that they were raised on sermons that used little scripture; (2) that a working knowledge of the Bible was not important for them; and (3) that they had been raised devoid of any parental, religious training (Burge, 1999; Daniel, 1999; Poe, 2004).
Biblical illiteracy may also be the result of an overemphasis on the process of justification to the detriment of an understanding that the process of sanctification incorporates a developing faith informed by Bible theology (Burge, 1999). The Bible needs to be central to all our thinking and faith development (Knight, 2000; White, 1952).
Biblical
Literacy – Informs a Christian Worldview
Everyone’s
values and belief systems are under constant bombardment from current
socio-cultural attitudes in this post-Christian era. As Christian educators we
therefore need to know why and what we believe. In Deuteronomy 6:5 we are
encouraged to “Love the Lord with all your heart, and with all your soul and
with all your strength”. Consequently each of the three levels of biblical
literacy, as outlined previously, is relevant and extremely important, because
each has a unique role to play as each informs and underpins the development of
all Christian values and biblical beliefs. Also a Christian worldview is
informed and shaped by biblical truths and values gleaned from biblical
literacy (Sire, 1990). If biblical illiteracy is left to continue unchallenged,
our children will be left without an authentic Christian foundation on which to
build their essential Christian values, biblical truths and worldview. History
shows that ignorance can be expensive and destructive. Christian education
therefore needs teachers who are reflective, creative thinkers and not just a
mirror of another person’s thoughts (White, 1952).
The present generation takes for granted the availability of the Bible. History, however, shows that widespread access to the Bible came at a high human cost. Contemporary Christianity is indebted to the many martyrs, who, because of their compelling commitment to the translation of the Bible, willingly sacrificed their lives to make the Bible available to the common people in their vernacular - the English language. It was because of their strong biblical belief and Christian values that they were prepared to die for what they believed. Access to, and availability of the Bible for everybody was the goal, motivation and conviction that eventually lead to the development of the printing press and the prospect of the Bible obtainable via the printed page (Reynolds, 2003). This example from history demonstrates that people who have a Christian worldview and a commitment to their values and biblical beliefs can change the world. It’s a well-known fact that our underlying values and beliefs are the basis from which we draw information to make choices and decisions, and therefore the lack of a solid grounding in biblical literacy can leave children vulnerable and exposed when the need arises to make value-based decisions.
Biblical Truths and Christian Values
The Adventist belief system includes the viewpoint that in the Bible God has proclaimed absolute truth and essential values. This however is at odds with many non-Christian Australian educational institutions. They don’t believe in God or absolutes so their philosophical beliefs state that all truth is relative and no absolute values or truth exists. Therefore, all education should be values free.
Christian educators must address this philosophical issue because the basis of the Christian philosophy and belief system is diametrically opposed to this viewpoint. Educators recognise that values and truths are taught and caught in the family cultural setting as well as in institutions, especially schools (Poe, 2004). Therefore the significance of biblical literacy is once more highlighted when we realise that all Christian decisions and choices are based on our values, our values are based around our understanding of God and our understanding of God is obtained from God’s truth in the written word, the Bible. Consequently, biblical literacy, of necessity, must become the foundation for all Christian thought and action. Because values and truths define who we are, they are more than a personal preference or feeling. They provide a sense of purpose and direction in life, inform decision–making, recommend standards of conduct and offer an anchor against the prevailing non-Christian philosophies (Habenicht, 2000).
Without an understanding of the scriptures it is impossible for the youth to understand what is truth, or to discern between the sacred and the common (White, 1943, 427).
Interestingly,
even though the current prevailing educational culture and philosophy shies
away from a Christian worldview, there is an increasing interest and push for
values education to become an important component in many national and international
government institutions. Some reasons given for this include the fragmenting of
society due to the breakdown of the home, anti-social behaviour, youth suicide
and youth substance abuse. These issues are recorded as leaving students
feeling disconnected and alienated in society. Values education in
tolerance and understanding, respect, responsibility, social justice, excellence, care, trust and inclusion, honesty, freedom, being ethical (Department of Education, Science and Training, 2003, 7).
To ensure that the government funded values education program is being implemented across all key-learning areas, the Australian Government commissioned a Values Education Study forum in 2002 (Department of Education, Science and Training, 2004). This shows how determined they are to ensure that this program reaches all government schools.
Looking at this list of values it would appear that they are very similar values to those espoused by Christianity. However, these programs are based on a very different philosophical rationale. For example, one reason given for teaching values education in the government school is to strengthen “self-esteem, optimism and commitment to personal fulfilment” so that students can “exercise ethical judgement and social responsibility” (Department of Education, Science and Training, 2003, 3). This reason may be interpreted to be a self-centred statement that merely talks about personal, selfish considerations. Similar sentiments are found in a statement that points out that the school is to “help students develop personal and social responsibilities”. The underlying philosophy of this values education program can be summarized as: “Values begin with me, not God” (Habenicht, 2000, 22). As Christians, in contrast, we begin with God and consequently God’s values involve not just an outward action but also an inner quality of the soul, or character. Therefore the Christian philosophy regarding values education can be seen to be fundamentally different in purpose and direction to the philosophy espoused by non-Christian programs.
Biblical truths and Christian values are the basis for a Christian worldview (Holmes, 1987). The Adventist worldview is informed by what it considers to be basic biblical truths or 27 fundamental belief statements (doctrines) and these help believers to make sense of the world from an Adventist perspective. The Bible curriculum, as set out by the Department of Education, South Pacific Division, has listed them as part of the teacher’s information section and they are an integral part of that curriculum (Department of Education, Curriculum Unit, South Pacific Division of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, 1999). If we are to know why we believe, we first need to know what we believe!
It would appear from recent research that Adventists are not quite sure what they believe and we don’t seem to fare much better than many other denominations (The Barna Research Group, 2001). However, according to Hill (2001) many denominations are addressing this perceived problem of biblical illiteracy by publishing curricula that focus on Bible content and encourage engagement in personal Bible study and reflection. Adventist educators have the responsibility and challenge of developing a healthy attitude and curiosity about this lost book.
Biblical Literacy Teaching Issues
For many children the thought of studying the Bible elicits responses such as boring, dull, irrelevant and a waste of time. Consequently it is a real challenge for teachers in the twenty-first century to effectively and actively engage children in relevant and participatory age-appropriate Bible study. Children live in a fast-moving, stimulating, electronic and “instant-gratification” age. So Bible teaching needs to be innovative, creative and activity-based, if it is going to be seen as relevant, informative and important.
Habenicht (1994) points out that classroom Bible teaching is fundamentally different from any other subject. This subject has eternal consequences. Bible study engages Divine power. It can create intellectual stimulation and increased energy levels. Even angels are sent to impress the mind and enlighten the understanding (White, 1943). With all this Heavenly and Divine aid at our fingertips, how can Bible teaching be labelled “dull and boring”?
According to White (1952), an effective Bible teacher is one who has thoughtfully and prayerfully prepared participatory presentations that engage the students in innovative, dynamic, creative and life-changing Bible discoveries. Why are many Bible lessons still perceived by some children as being dull and boring when there is a plethora of readily available, practical Bible resources that can assist the teacher in reaching this goal? Maybe part of the answer lies in the fact that many teachers themselves have had little exposure to life-changing relevant Bible lessons and teaching.
Castle (1993) states that if children are to discover the dynamic nature of God’s Word then they need to interact individually with the Bible so that the Word of God can speak to them and teach them. If this is to happen each student will need access to his/ her own copy of the Bible. White (1952) states that before the age of seven most of the character development and learning of children has taken place. This means that before the age of seven, while still impressionable, these students need access to their own Bible, preferably a large print version, so they too can interact with and discover God’s word on a personal level. Available resources, reviewed later in this paper, indicate that we tend to wait until children are competent readers before we give them their own copy of the Bible. Perhaps we are missing out on the most impressionable years of a child’s life. Why not use the Bible as an authentic reading text in the teaching of early language literacy skills? It is a given fact, credited to the work of the Bible Society, that the Bible can be used to teach language literacy skills. If the Bible can be used to teach language literacy to the illiterate in a variety of non-English speaking countries surely the Bible has a place in early language literacy education where English is the first language?
After
interviewing 1000 adults across the
Ready access to literacy and the Bible are taken for granted by the present generation. Why then do our young people rarely read or know so little about the Bible? One writer points out that perhaps teachers are so busy preparing children for tests and exams that they have forgotten that “teaching to transform the world involves transformative lessons” (Aldridge, 2004, 52). Yob (1996) points out that these transformative lessons are connected with Someone greater than ourselves. These are lessons that go beyond the mundane and ordinary, and challenge students’ thoughts and minds to explore, reflect and grow spiritually as well as intellectually. These are all relevant ingredients for a cogent Bible lesson.
Do
not think the Bible will become a tiresome book to the children. Under a wise
instructor the work will become more and more desirable. It will be to them as
the bread of life, and it will never grow old (White,
1954, 514).
The earlier the concepts and skills of language literacy and of biblical literacy are taught concurrently the greater the potential for well-informed, knowledgeable, resilient Christian young people. While it is true there are parts of the Bible that only adults can comprehend the following thoughts need to be considered.
Our
Heavenly father, in giving His word, did not overlook the children. In all that
men have written, where can be found anything that has such a hold upon the
heart, anything so well adapted to awaken the interest of the little ones, as
the stories of the Bible? (White, 1952,
185).
Such thoughts indicate that there is an inherent power in the Bible. Thus teaching age-appropriate biblical literacy skills is one way that teachers can develop in children a greater interaction with, love of and positive attitude towards the Bible, while they are still very impressionable. Hopefully, this biblical basis will then inform and underpin children’s developing moral and spiritual values, with the goal of nurturing well-balanced, moral and spiritually minded, biblically literate, resilient young people who embrace a Christian world-view and life style. The Barna Research Group (2004b) highlights this responsibility.
Our studies consistently show that the habits formed while we are young are the behaviours that define us when we are old (The Barna Research Group, 2004b, 4).
Teaching Age-appropriate Biblical Literacy
Teaching
age-appropriate biblical literacy, though challenging, should not be an
impossible task because there are a variety of available resources that outline
the unique age-specific developmental needs of children, the different levels
of faith development and the processes of spiritual growth and maturity that
children experience at different stages (Habenicht & Bell, 1983; Heathfield
& Smith, 1997; Korniejczuk, 1993; Murk, 1999; Roehlkepartain, 1993). The
current Australian Adventist Bible Curriculum (Department of Education,
Curriculum Unit, South Pacific Division of the Seventh-day Adventist Church,
1999) is one example of how these available resources can be applied and
utilized in the Bible class. Its framework outlines three strands that are
organised into three age levels that support and facilitate faith and spiritual
development. This Bible Curriculum is designed around a relational theme: God’s
relationship with us, our relationship with God, and our relationship with
others (
Regrettably there are very limited resources that mention how to engage young children in a dynamic and active experience with the Bible. Most practical Bible resources mention relevant ways of teaching Bible stories, how to have innovative Bible lessons, ways of engaging in lively and relevant discussions and many more ideas and these are all necessary, but there is a noticeable lack of resources actually showing how to use the Bible or where to use it in a Bible lesson. Furthermore, strategies for encouraging age specific and appropriate personal Bible study habits for the elementary school child appear to be almost non-existent. Only a limited number of resources could be found that contained any practical ideas or strategies that could involve the daily engagement and interaction of the young elementary child with a Bible. Most resources appear to talk about teaching the Bible and Bible stories but without suggesting any actual “hands-on” experiences for using a Bible.
Resources for Encouraging Personal Bible Study
However, a number of resources were discovered which do encourage personal Bible study and devotions for children who are literate. One such resource is the following web site: Kingdom Construction Company. Designed especially for children in elementary school it encourages children to develop a personal, independent daily Bible reading and prayer program. This resource can be shared in an elementary school classroom to encourage children who are independent readers to commence this habit while they are still young and impressionable.
The Adventist GraceLink study guides for Kindergarten and Primary age groups also mention using the Bible with young children. The GraceLink Kindergarten study guide includes A Letter to Parents that encourages parents to introduce their child to the Bible and then suggests a suitable child’s version of the Bible along with activities that are appropriate for this stage of development. At the Primary stage of development parents are encouraged to help their child learn to use the Bible.
The third resource suggests age specific activities for encouraging Bible study with children. As seven to nine year old children are starting to read more independently the authors encourage the children to place tabs on the books of the Bible in order to facilitate finding the books more easily (Dillon & Smith, 1997). This is a great idea to facilitate the location of the books of the Bible, and hopefully by the time children are eight or nine, they have the skills to read actual stories from their own Bible.
The fourth resource encouraged seven to eleven-year-old children to read the Bible “as a faith-strengthening exercise” (Calkins, 1997). This is a sound practical idea but how is this skill of Bible study to be implemented? How can we ensure it is more than just a reading exercise and actually does become a “faith-strengthening exercise”?
The final example of available resources is a series of lessons for the under five-age group. The lessons could be used as an introductory activity in the elementary classroom to provide pre-biblical literacy experiences. The series includes a section of introductory activities that introduce the Bible to the young children in a tangible way by touching it, hearing verses read from it, looking inside the Bible, etc. (Gaukroger, 1996).
The following original biblical literacy strategies and techniques, designed by the writer, have been created, produced and trialled in an attempt to support the Christian teacher in his/her quest to encourage biblical literacy development in the elementary classroom. The first strategy is for children aged five and six years and involves a fun way of interacting with and learning from the Bible. It uses the simultaneous teaching of early biblical literacy skills along side early language literacy skills. This method can become part of the daily Bible lesson because it uses word recognition skills to read the Bible. The Bible can then become one of their readers. The method is outlined below:
- Firstly, students need access to their own copy of a large print
version of the Bible and a highlighter pen.
- Then, the name of the current Bible character from the Bible
lesson is identified.
- Next, the teacher writes that particular Bible character’s name on
the board and then reads the Bible character’s name aloud so the child
associates the sound of the Bible character’s name with the Bible
character’s written name. (Basically this is a word recognition
skill.)
- Following this, the child opens his/her Bible to a stated page
number and the child identifies the Bible character’s name on that Bible
page.
- Finally, the child says the Bible name as he/she identifies and
highlights it in his/her Bible.
- After repeating this procedure a few times over the next week the
child should then be able to independently identify and “read” this Bible
character’s name.
It has been discovered that the children who are involved in these learning experiences often choose to “read” their Bible during free time because the Bible has become an interesting and accessible book for them.
Another original technique created by the writer involves the use of the HA Principle of Bible lesson preparation and teaching. This technique is a way to structure a biblically based Bible lesson. It is one way of checking that all the relevant
ingredients of a successful Bible lesson are covered. It includes the essential daily reading and interaction of each student with his/her own copy of the Bible. The H-History covers the historical setting of the Bible story, the Bible reference, and the actual details and facts of the story, while the A-Application section encourages a personal application and response to the Bible story (see appendix 1).
Teaching scripture songs is another creative strategy for teaching Bible reading and a fun way of engaging and interacting with the Bible. This idea requires each student to find and then highlight the scripture songs as found in his/her Bible. The writer includes these songs as part of the early literacy development program. The method is outlined below:
·
Firstly, turn to Nehemiah 8:10 (NIV) and highlight
the words, “The joy of the Lord is your strength”.
·
Next, the children repeat these words after the
teacher.
·
Then the children are taught the song.
·
Finally, each child can open his/her Bible to read
and sing these words straight from the Bible as part of the daily worship
program (see appendix 2).
The reading of the Bible in the elementary classroom is often seen as tedious and boring so the following selection of original, age-appropriate, fun Bible reading strategies and ideas were developed by the writer in an attempt to change these attitudes. All these Bible activities require each student to have access to their own copy of the Bible.
As
the Teacher reads a stated passage from the Bible:
·
The children look for a given word (sheep) in
their Bible and raise their hand every time they hear the word read aloud from
the passage.
·
The children look for a given word (fish) in
their Bible and do the actions every time they hear the word read aloud from
the passage.
·
The children look for several words (Jesus,
sheep, Shepherd) in their Bible that are written on cards and given to
different class members. Every time he/she hears his/her word each child holds
his/her card up.
- The children read along together from their own Bible as the
teacher reads a verse aloud from her Bible.
Middle/Upper School:
·
Read the
Bible story from the Dramatized Bible in Reader’s Theatre format.
- A group of children read a stated passage together from their
Bible.
·
Listen for a special word that it is read aloud and write
a mark on a piece of paper to keep count.
·
Individually read the passage silently and complete
a sheet listing the number of times selected words are found in the passage.
- Read his/her favourite section of the passage aloud to the rest of
the class.
·
The Teacher reads the passage and the students have
to listen for the incorrect words that are read. They then state the actual
correct words from the passage.
·
Give different students a speaking part to read and
the rest of the passage is read by the class or a narrator.
·
The Teacher reads the passage and leaves out words.
The children then orally state the words that were missed out or write them
down.
- Conduct a Bible chase to see how quickly the children can find a
given verse.
Teaching age-appropriate Bible study skills is a challenge because the available resources are almost non-existent. It is a unique challenge because it can assume an evangelistic role in the nurturing of Christian values and biblical truths in the Adventist elementary school. Outlined below is one simple Bible study method that the writer has adapted for any age group. The program is entitled “MY QUIET TIME” (see appendix 3). It is a simple technique that can be used to help a student establish a personal devotional time. The only requirement is access to a Bible and the ability to read independently. At school the children are given a specific passage related to the Bible lessons for that week. They are encouraged to follow the guide taught in class and then complete the activity at home. Several times a week small group sharing is encouraged in a non-threatening atmosphere. As the student’s faith matures more sophisticated methods and programs can be discovered, introduced and implemented. Personal devotions and Bible study go hand-in-hand and therefore can assist in the development and formation of biblical truths and Christian values.
Conclusion
If the next generation of Adventist young people is going to embrace Christian values and biblical truths in a meaningful way we need a generation of church members who from infancy have learnt to know and love the scriptures. Teaching age-appropriate biblical literacy skills is one way of developing in children a greater interaction with and love of the Bible while they are still very impressionable. Hopefully this will then inform and underpin their developing moral and spiritual values with the goal of nurturing well-balanced moral and spiritually minded, biblically literate, resilient young people who embrace a Christian worldview and life style. The prevailing attitude, that Bible study and Bible lessons are boring, dull, irrelevant and outdated, needs to be challenged, researched and remedied. It is a well-known maxim that we can’t give what we don’t have, therefore children need teachers who are committed to modelling their faith in an engaging and realistic manner and who are energized by their own contact with the Bible and their Lord.
References
Adventist News
Network. (2002). World church survey sounds “wake-up call”. Adventist News
Network, October 8, 2002. Retrieved January 5, 2005, from
http://news.adventist.org/data/2002/09/1034125688/index.html.en
Aldridge, J.
(2004). Teaching to transform the world. Childhood Education, 81(1),
52-55.
Brown, W. (Ed.).
(2002). Character & scripture: moral formation, community, and biblical
interpretation.
Brunt,
J. (1994). Making the Bible relevant for the moral life. Adventist
Education, 56(5), 14-16.
Burge,
G. (1999). The greatest story never read. Christianity Today, 43(9),
45-49.
Calkins,
A. (Ed.). Children’s ministries: Ideas and techniques that work.
Castle,
T. (1993). Teaching the Bible to children.
Daniel, L.
(1999). I love to tell the story to those who know it least. Christianity
Today, 43(9), 49-50.
Department of
Education, Science and Training (DEST). (2003). A draft national framework for
values education in Australian schools. Department of Education, Science and
Training. Retrieved January 14, 2005, from http://www.curriculum.edu.au/values/forum.htm
Department of
Education, Science and Training (DEST). (2004). Values forum and case studies. Department
of Education, Science and Training. Retrieved January 14, 2005, from http://www.curriculum.edu.au/values/forum.htm
Department of
Education, Curriculum Unit, South Pacific Division of the
Dewey, D. (2001).
The Bible unwrapped: Developing your Bible skills.
Dillon, S. &
Smith, V. (1997). Making the Bible a delight. A guide to Bible study with
children.
Gaukroger, J.
(1996). Bible stuff. Spiritual teaching for under five’s that’s fun.
Gillespie, V.
& Donahue, M. (2002). Valuegenesis 2: Adventist church in
GraceLink Study Guides
http://sspm.gc.adventist.org/ss/begin.html
Greenwalt, G.
(1996). Reading the Bible as a scrapbook: An innovative approach to teaching
scripture. Adventist Education, 58(2), 4-8.
Habenicht, D.
(1994). How to help your child really love Jesus.
Habenicht, D.
(2000). 10 Christian values every kid should know: A how-to-guide for
families.
Habenicht, D.
& Bell, A. (1983). How to teach children in
Heathfield, R.
& Smith, S. (1997). My place in God’s story.
Hill, J. (2001). Biblical
literacy: Is it possible? The Clergy Journal, 78(1), 19-20.
Holmes, A.
(1987). The idea of a Christian college.
Hutchens, J.
(2001). Biblical illiteracy. PCA News. Retrieved December 14, 2004 from http://focusonthebible.org/researching/index.php?id=3,34,1,0,1,0
Lutheran Bible
Ministries. (2002). What is Bible literacy? Lutheran Bible Ministries.
Retrieved January 5, 2005 from http://www.lbm-mn.com/mission.html
Korniejczuk, V.
(1993). Psychological theories of religious development: a Seventh-day
Adventist perspective. Institute for Christian Teaching. Retrieved
December 17, 2004 from http://www.aiias.edu/ict/vol_10/10cc_257-276.htm
Kingdom Construction Company
http://pages.prodigy.net/davidwlowe/kcc.htm
Knight, G.
(2000). Teaching a theology of the center verus a theology of the edges. Adventist
Education, (2000), 62(4), 4-7.
Knox, M. (2000).
Biblical illiteracy needs attention. Baptist Standard. Retrieved January
5, 2005 from http://focusonthebible.org/researching/index.php?id=3,36,1,0,1,0
Murk, D. (1999).
Piaget, Erikson, Kohlberg & Jesus: Growing the soul. In D. Elliott
& S. Holtrop (Eds.), Nurturing Reflective Teachers: A Christian approach
for the 21st century (pp 77-94).
Poe, H. (2004). Christianity
in the academy.
Reynolds, A.
(2003). Reading the Bible for the love of God.
Robson, G. (2001).
Is the increasing level of biblical illiteracy in our community a barrier to
ministry? Southern Cross Online. Retrieved January 5, 2005 from http://focusonthebible.org/researching/index.php?id=3,28,1,0,1,0
Roehlkepartin, J.
(1993). (Ed.). Children’s ministry that works! The basics and beyond.
Roy, D. (1999).
Growing in faith: A new elementary Bible curriculum for
Sire, J. (1990). Discipleship
of the mind: Learning to love God in the ways we think.
Smith, C. (2004).
Few U.S. Protestant teens regularly read the Bible. NSYR Findings 8.
Retrieved December 17, 2004, from http://www.youthandreligion.org/news/2004-0623.html
South Pacific
Division of Seventh-day Adventists. (1993). Valuegenesis: Study 1-Core
report.
The Barna
Research Group. (2001). Religious beliefs vary widely by denomination. The
Barna Update March 1, 2004. Retrieved
January 5, 2005, from
http://www.barna.org/FlexPage.aspx?Page=BarnaUpdate&BarnaUpdateID=92
The Barna
Research Group. (2004a). Religious activity increasing in the west. The
Barna Update March 1, 2004. Retrieved January 5, 2005, from http://www.barna.org/FlexPage.aspx?Page=BarnaUpdate&BarnaUpdateID=159
The Barna
Research Group. (2004b). Faith has a limited effect on most people’s behaviour.
The Barna Update May 24, 2004. Retrieved January 5, 2005, from http://www.barna.org/FlexPage.aspx?PageCMD=Print
The Barna
Research Group. (2004c). Americans Agree: Kids are not being prepared for life.
The Barna Update October 26, 2004. Retrieved January 5, 2005, from http://www.barna.org/FlexPage.aspx?PageCMD=Print
White, E. (1943).
Counsels to parents, teachers and
students.
White, E. (1952).
Education.
White, E. (1954).
Child Guidance.
Yob,
Young, N. (2004).
Will Norm survive? Avondale Reflections, Summer, 2004, 11.
Appendix 1
THe HA PRINCIPAL
An original idea created by Barbara Fisher
One approach to teaching and preparing Bible lessons is to follow the HA
Principle of Bible teaching and lesson preparation
History-(His Story)-What
are the Bible facts of the story, the setting, the reference?
Application-What does this
story mean to me in my environment?
An Example of how to use the
HA Principle in a
Bible Lesson
H- history facts
of the story cover: 1.
Bible reference
2.
Setting of the Bible story 3.
Story from the Bible q
Bible characters involved in the story
q
Sequence of events q
Climax of the Bible story
A-
application of what the story means to me .
Following are just a few
examples that demonstrate how to encourage your students to be involved in a
personal response to the Bible story (more examples are given later).
·
How does this story affect my (the student’s)
life? ·
Which character in the story would remind me of
Jesus? ·
What have I learnt about God from this story? ·
How can I share this story with others? See below for more examples |
Checklist For HA PRINCIPLE Bible Lesson
Preparation
This checklist is designed to facilitate
Christian Teachers in the preparation of Bible lessons based on the HA
Principal. (H-history, A-application)
Include in your Bible Lesson Plan:
q A list of the
spiritual concept/s that is/are to be taught in the Bible lesson. (A)
q A vibrant
introduction to the Bible Story. (H)
q A selection of
resources to add interest to the Bible Story. (H)
q A dynamic
presentation of the Bible Story. (H)
q A section of the Bible
Story to be read from the Bible, its Biblical reference and the method to be
used. (H)
q An activity to
add variety to the learning experience. (H)
q A personal
involvement in the application of the spiritual concept/s that is/are taught in
the Bible Story. (A)
q A quick revision
of the facts of the Bible Story. (H)
q A short
conclusion that gives the children an opportunity to restate, in their own
words, the application of the Bible Story. (A)
Application Section (A)
examples
of challenging spiritiual questions for children
·
How does this story affect my (the student’s) life?
·
Which character in the story would remind me of
Jesus?
·
Which character in the story would NOT remind me of
Jesus?
·
What character in the story am I most like and why?
·
What choices do I (the students) have to make in my
life today that shows that I am becoming more like Jesus?
·
In my environment Jesus can help me
when/to/if_______.
·
How can I show the love and compassion of Jesus to
my friends/enemies?
·
Why do I think this story is included in the Bible?
·
How can learning about people in the Bible help me
to be more like Jesus?
·
Why is it important to learn about Bible people and
their stories?
·
How does this story indicate that Jesus wants to be
my friend?
·
What part of this Bible Story shows me how to be a
Christian?
·
What have I learnt about God from this story?
·
How can I share this story with others?
One Example of a Bible Lesson Plan
Using the HA Principal
Story: The Two sons (Matthew 21:28-32)
Age group: 8 & 9 years
(A) Spiritual
concepts to be taught:
What you
do is more important than what you say.
(H) Introduction:
Have food
in box. Students guess what is in the box Show food and ask for Bible stories
that mention food in the Bible. Discuss.
(H) Resources:
Bible,
food, box
(H) Presentation:
1.
Pray
2.
Narrate story from perspective of
Son Number 1.
q Harvest
time and father asks Son Number 1 to help.
q Son
Number 1 says too busy.
q Father
asks Son Number 2 who says he will help.
q Son
Number 1 repents and helps father.
q Look
for Son Number 2 who has forgotten his promise.
3.
Activity-suggest a change to the
ending to the story.
(H) Bible
reading:
4. Read Matthew 21:28-32 and count the number of
times the Son is used.
(A) Application
of the spiritual concepts:
q Which
character in the story reminds you of Jesus? Why?
q What
is this story trying to teach you?
q Why
do you think God wants you to hear this story?
(H) Revision:
Retell the story in Round-Robin groups.
(A) Conclusion:
1.
How is this story going to change
my life today?
2. Sing “Into my Heart”.
APPENDIX 2
Examples of
Scripture songs that can be used as part of the Biblical literacy Lesson
1.
Nehemiah 8:10
The
joy of the Lord is your strength
2.
Psalm 47:1
Clap
your hands all ye people
Shout
unto God with a voice of triumph
Clap
your hands all ye people
Shout
unto God with the voice of praise
Hosanna
3.
Psalm 63:3
Thy
loving kindness is better than life
My
lips shall praise Thee
Thus
I will bless Thee
I
will bless Thee while I live
4.
Psalm 89:1
I
will sing of the goodness of the Lord forever,
I
will sing, I will sing.
I
will sing of the goodness of the Lord forever,
I
will sing of the goodness of the Lord.
5.
Psalm 118:24
This
is the day that the Lord has made
We
will rejoice and be glad in it
6.
Philippians 4:4
Rejoice
in the Lord always
And
again I say rejoice
APPENDIX 3
My Quiet Time GUIDE
Adapted by Barbara Fisher
Pray: Ask God to:
·
help you understand the passage you are going to
read
·
help you learn something about Him from this
reading.
READ: Read the selected passage from the Bible.
THINK: I think this passage is saying:
I think this
passage means:
I have learnt this
about God:
I think God is
telling me:
WRITE: I still don’t understand:
I would like to
share this with others:
My favourite verse
today is:
PRAY: Today I will: