Institute for Christian Teaching
Education Department of Seventh-day
Adventists
CONVEYING
CHRISTIAN VALUES THROUGH THE TEACHING OF
AGRICULTURE:
A BIBLICAL APPROACH
By
Patrick Ogutu
Department of Agriculture
University of Eastern Africa, Baraton
P.O. Box 2500, Eldoret Kenya
Prepared for the
23rd International Faith and
Learning Seminar
held at University of Eastern Africa,
Baraton Kenya
November 22 – December 3, 1998
363-98 Institute for Christian Teaching
12501 Old Columbia Pike
Silver Spring, MD 20904 USA
The Lord gave Adam dominion over all creation
(Gen. 1:26). Man's role is that of a steward who takes care of the earth. As a
steward he is entrusted with the management of the Lord's earth. He has
responsibility to nurture the environment. Agricultural training will lead
youth to hold Christian values with esteem and have respect for the
environment. It is a training that is useful for the present and the hereafter.
The main thrust of this paper is that God appointed man a steward. The earth is
a gift for man to take care of, and at no time were the earth's resources to be
exploited for personal gain. While we live in the world, we should expect the
Landowner to return at any time. We should always be ready to receive Him. The
earth is God's and man is simply its steward or caretaker. Hence, we are all
responsible for the efficient utilization of the earth's limited resources and
the well being of its environment. Not only because sustaining the environment
will ensure our continued well being but more so because it's a responsibility
bestowed by the Creator Himself.
This paper will look at agriculture in the Bible, more precisely, a Christian view of agriculture, the values to develop and how to achieve these values. This paper will show how a Christian teacher can aid in helping students to develop Christlike values. This will better prepare the student for service in this world but greater still for service in the Lord's vineyard.
A
Biblical Perspective of Agriculture
Agriculture is the oldest profession
mentioned in the Bible. The original duty given to man was to take care of all
crops and animals alike. Agriculture was to enable man to trust in God, and
have commitment to living out God's will, and experience God's presence in his
life. Having faith in God would give man purpose and direction in life. Faith
then leads us to values, which determine our priorities. A value is an idea
about what someone thinks is important in life (Hill 1998). Hill further
defines it as a single belief that guides actions and judgments.
The Bible declares that ".
. . let them rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the
livestock, over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move along the
ground (Gen. 1:26). The Lord has overall authority over all things.
Man's role thus is that of a caretaker
and not ownership of the earth. He was to take care of the earth and all
creatures. He was to be a manager, a steward and at no time was he allowed to
exploit the earth. "It is the faithfulness, the loyalty to God, the loving
service, that wins the divine approval. What we will be in heaven is the
reflection of what we are now in character and holy service" (White 1941).
Further, it declares ". . . I give
you every seed-bearing plant . . . and every fruit with seed in it. They will
be yours for food" (Gen. 1:29). Vegetation was provided to man for food.
It was provided for his welfare and he in turn was to take care of the
vegetation so there would be an increase in food production. Using good seed,
well-prepared land, minimum weed competition, with favorable environmental
conditions and timely planting translate into high yields. The Lord promises to
give the increase when we play our role as farmers effectively. For instance,
accounting would be required for each animal slaughtered etc. This points to
man's role as a steward rather than the ownership. We are accountable to God
for the creatures on earth.
"Curse is the ground because of you
. . . By the sweat of your brow you will eat your food" (Gen. 3:17-19).
After sin came into the world the soil was cursed. It was no longer perfect for
crop production. Thorns, thistles, and weeds became a reality as plants grew in
undesirable places. Food would now only be available through hardship and
sweat. The amount of work needed to produce a crop increased tremendously. The
more we sin (Gen. 4:12) the fewer the yields we obtain from our ground. It is
interesting to note that when we go against God's word, the earth on which we
depend is cursed.
"The creation is groaning as in pain
of childbirth" (Rom. 8:22). Man has exploited the earth and its resources
against God's original command. Today the earth is exploited and uncontrolled
destruction of forest, soils, air and water resources continues unabated. There
is a cry in the world today for environmental balance to protect water sources,
minimize pollution, control global warning, prevent dessertification, etc. The
Christian has a duty to point mankind to his original role of steward and to
point to Christ who died for us so we can be counted righteous in the
sin-marred world.
According to Lev. 25:13 the
Hebrew culture-practiced jubilee every fifty years. The idea was to prevent any
one person from accumulating much more resources than the needed. Hence, at
that period liberty was proclaimed, at this time all land reverted to the
original owner. This way nobody owned plenty of land at the expense of his
neighbors. The idea of a kinsman redeemer is exemplified in the story of Ruth
and Boaz in the Old Testament.
According to Lev. 25:3 also
after every seven years land was left to rest. The idea behind this was that
the people live with few excesses so they can concentrate on serving and
knowing the Lord. In agriculture leaving land fallow is a sound practice where
there is plenty of land and there is a need to break a disease cycle in the
soil and replenish the soil's nutrient pool. When the land is left to rest, the
disease-causing organism does not find a host plant to thrive on, thus the
organism dies. The soil nematode is an excellent example of how leaving the
land fallow can control a pest. In modern intensive agriculture the normal way
of eradicating nematodes is through soil fumigation or growing a non-host crop
like pasture. The spiritual connotation of the sabbatical year is to signify
rest, like the Sabbath, a special day set aside to worship the Lord. The
Sabbath comes every seventh day of the week and every seventh year of the
calendar year. Because of ideas just briefly expounded, every man learns to
live on less, or better put live on just enough to live. Unlike in more
affluent societies, such as those of the "developed" world where
excess is the norm and worship of God is not the priority for many.
However, we have hope that ".
. . On the day of God" (2 Peter 3:11-13), the earth will be restored to
its original mint condition. There will be a renewal and there will be no more
exploitation. Perfect stewardship will be restored to man. Christ died to
restore our relationship with God. In a restored relationship man can look at
life holistically in conformity with God's original plan. Thus, to the
Christian there is hope, indeed the only hope, in all this confusion and quite
plainly madness occurring around us.
A Christian View of Farming
The way I see it, farming is
stewardship. The land was provided to man by the Lord. We are not landowners
but just caretakers. A caretaker can be defined as a man or woman in charge of
another's property. He could also be defined as an agent, a substitute, or an
intermediary. (Rogets Thesaurus, 1987). The parable of the rich landowner (Luke
12:16-20) tells what will happen to us when we amass for ourselves great
wealth. For all things do not belong to us, rather it is God who has put us in
charge of them and will hold us accountable with what we use them for. As agents we are merely representatives of
the Landowner. The yield, income and glory from our work ought to go back to
the Lord who gave us the resources in the first place. "To live for self
is to perish. It is the spirit of Christ to give, to sacrifice self for the
good of others. It is the spirit of Satan to get, to draw to self." (White,
1941, p. 259).
Ones priorities reveal his life direction. As a Christian farmer, your responsibilities include conserving and safeguard the land. You also have responsibility to the future generations to leave land as a resource better than he found it. That means the land use practices employed must be sustainable to ensure future generation's ability to produce food is not jeopardized. To effectively use land, land uses must be allocated according to the condition and potential of the land. For instance fragile land could be used for forestry and extensive farming like ranching where there is minimal damage to the land instead of intensive use of the land. Soil conservation practices such as strip cropping, reduce soil erosion. If one inch of topsoil is lost, it can take more than fifty years to rebuild and restore it again (Brady, 1990). It is in the topsoil where nutrients and moisture needed for plant growths are found. Once soil leaves our land by erosion, it is carried through streams and rivers to salty oceans where it is lost forever. On the same thought, as a Christian farmer, you ought to prevent pesticide and fertilizer runoff. The chemicals eventually enter rivers and streams making them very fertile. This is called eutruphication. This encourages the excessive growth of water loving plants such as the water hyacinth. These plants consume a lot of oxygen and thus reduce the amount of oxygen available to other living organisms in water. This phenomenon explains some massive fish kills that may be observed in polluted water bodies. A Christian farmer has a role in maintaining ecological balance and sustainability and ensuring food to all in the long run. This means for instance, he would not be satisfied with effluent flowing out of his farm to contaminate his neighbor's farm. Farmers are stewards, responsible for maintaining the quality of the land and other environmental resources. In Rev. 17-18, it is reported that the wrath of the Lord will come upon all those who are responsible for the destruction of the earth and its resources.
The Christian is responsible for improving
land. This can be done by carrying out agricultural activities that would
improve the structure and productivity of soil such as addition of organic
matter, growing deep rooted leguminous plants, and minimization of soil
compaction with heavy machinery. When a soil is well aerated, it is easier for
water infiltration and root penetration to take place. Additions of nutrients
also enhance plant growth and hence crop cover. This minimizes the impact of
raindrops on the ground. When raindrops hit bare ground, they do so with a
great force that eventually the pore spaces are clogged and water runs off the
soil surface leading to soil erosion and insufficient water for growing plants.
A good crop cover also shade's weeds to minimize crop-weed competition for
moisture, sunlight, space, and nutrients (Foth, 1984) and hence increase
yields.
A good Christian farmer has a
responsibility to provide for his family. He also has a duty to God and
mankind. He takes care of his family's daily deeds. He works hard to get good
yields so, he can raise an income for his family's needs and the need of
spreading the gospel to all nations.
A Christian farmer needs to have a
positive attitude toward people working for him. He needs to empathize with his
helpers on the farm. Hence, for instance, their wages should not be very low.
He must consider his helpers as part of his winning team. The farmer should
realize that without his helper's support, he would be unable to achieve his
farm's goal. Hence, helpers are partners in the farm business. Their
contribution to the farm income is crucial so communications, fairness, and
training are all important to the overall productivity of the farm. The farmer
should be able to answer the following questions positively: Do they come to me
to share their joy, sorrow, and concern? Do we enjoy working together for the
betterment of the farm? Is it always our desire to improve the productivity of
the farm so all may benefit? "The positiveness and energy . . . and
strength of character, manifested in Christ are to be developed in us, through
the same disciple that He endured" (White, Desire of Ages, 72). It is only
in emulating Christ that we can be true stewards in His vineyard.
As a farmer, there is a need for balance
in his lifestyle both in his time at work and at play. A farmer's activity give
vigor to life and gives him something worth fighting for although he may
sometimes at times feel very discouraged. A Christian farmer has got to create
time for his family, friends, and God. His whole worldview and faith in God
come into play here. In his busy schedule he must find some quiet time to
commune with God for wisdom and courage to go on in the midst of adversity.
Practicing wholesome agriculture also
gives great appreciation of nature. Growing crops fills one with gratitude and
awe. A farmer carries out various cultural practices on the land including land
preparation, planting good quality seeds, controlling weeds and applying
fertilizers. He also does his best in terms of providing various needs for crop
production but only the Lord can give the increase in yields that he desires. A
farmer is always filled with awe when he watches a seed germinate and grow
through the vegetative and reproductive phases. It is humbling to see how
little the farmer contributes as compared with what the Lord provides to the
crops to increase yields. From a single seed, comes forth as many as a thousand
other seeds. For example, as one passes by a cornfield, he is usually
mesmerized at the phenomenal growths that take place, in a short period of
time, say of three days. The miracle of crop growth, production and beauty is
indeed fascinating. It truly points to and reminds of a greater Being that
created all things. Even though sin has marred the face of the earth, nature
clearly manifests that God is the creator and sustainer of all creation.
He provides us with food and beauty in
nature. Practicing agriculture helps one to appreciate God as the Creator. He
is involved in self-renewal for both plants and animal life.
A Christian farmer works hand in hand
with God. The Lord created and controls life, our task is to restore and renew
what has been marred by sin. The Lord created a perfect Eden. But because of
the fall of man and the entry of sin, imperfection entered the world. Thus,
currently, our task is to work a ground that does not produce unless sweat is
shed. Crops are now cultured under less favorable condition such as weed
infestation, disease problems, declining fertility and water shortage.
A Christian farmer ought to
be creative in order to improve productivity. Man is now always carrying out
trials and research to find the most suitable and sustainable ways of boosting
productivity. It may be through effective disease control, improved nutrient
balance, modification of the natural environment such as crop culture in
greenhouses, artificial moisture supply or irrigation, introduction of new crop
varieties that have greater resistance, etc. Creativity demands that farmers
always improve and modify the techniques they employ in producing food in order
to improve harvests and the quality of produce. A farmer has a yearning to
always improve yield, hence the fast acceptance of new methods and seed
varieties. "Higher than the highest human thoughts can reach is God's
ideal for His children." (White, 1995).
The Christian worldview can be summed up
in four terms: Creation; Fall; Redemption; and Glorification. Man was "created
in the image of God," (Gen. 2:7). Since this is the case, one really ought
to be whom he was created to be. Our purpose is to be like God, to reflect His
nature and character. God has total dominion over all creation including man.
We are to exercise stewardship, a derived dominion, over the natural world
(Sire p. 68,69) that was given to us by God.
Sin has marred God's creation. The devil
is working hard to block the channel of communication between God and man. God
is engaged in a controversy with Satan. Satan is questioning the character of
God. The battle is moving toward a final triumph for God (J. Fowler, 1998).
Christ, our incarnate Brother came to
this world to restore our relationship with God. He died to set us free from
the bondage of sin. This way, we can look at life holistically in conformity
with God's original plan (J. Fowler, 1998). Christ will come again to restore
the earth to its original glory. With this background we can now explore values
necessary for stewards in the practice of agriculture. This way, situations are
corrected before they become too expensive.
Quality
of work
Team
Spirit
Cooperation is an important
value in a farm. When workers on the farm work like a team, less wastage
results because each individual's effort is a part of the greater whole. The
cooperation of various individuals enables the farm to work like one unit. As
the saying goes, "united we stand, divided we fall." Cooperation on
the farm also points to a pleasant relationship among workers. When people are
happy with their work, they tend to be motivated. A motivated group will
achieve much for the enterprise. In turn, relationships can be strengthened
when we know and love what we do (Palmer, 1993) greater productivity can be
achieved.
Love of Land
When we love the land, we
tend to treat it with more care. We know that's all we have. If we lose it, we
will not be able to produce enough food for the increasing human population.
The world population is increasing every year while the size of land stays the
same. There is a sense of beauty on the land that enables it to keep producing
for the ever-increasing population. Nature has a way of reminding us how
beautiful God's handiwork is. Land well taken care of yields much, which in
turn feeds many people and everybody is happy.
Social Responsibility
In the Bible time it was
common for people to glean fields behind harvesters (Ruth 2:2). Wealthy land
owners had a responsibility to assist the less endowed individuals by letting
them pick grain that dropped behind the harvesters in the field. This way the
farmer fulfilled his role as his brother's keeper. When we manage a farm, a
sense of fairness, justice and empathy should be seen in the farm workers. As
helpers work hard to increase yields in a farm, the farmer would do well to
share some of the profits to the workers. The farmer will empathize with his
helpers. It's important for them to know that the farmer cares for their
welfare. They are part of the family of God. White (1941) says in proposition
to his abundance is his obligation to use his gifts for the uplifting of
humanity.
Work Ethics
Christian education will
cultivate work ethics in students. Examples of work ethics are briefly listed
and described below. Punctuality, which refers to ones ability to keep time for
different appointments. It is important to keep schedules in farming. Timing of
crops in terms of planting, harvesting, rainfall, temperature, etc. could mean
the difference between a bumper crop and crop failure.
Consistency is
another ethic. It may be defined as living or acting conformably to one's own
belief or profession. In agriculture effort is always made to consistently work
at improving our yields, methods and tools. This is the only way we keep up
feeding the increasing population on the same size of land.
Service oriented students
develop good conduct that is of advantage not only to them but also to others.
Agriculture trains individuals to learn to be of service to others. To help
others help themselves is the direction to go in agriculture. We would never be
able to consume all the food we produce. Farmers produce to feed others.
Students learn
to be trustworthy in carrying out their duties. For example, if plants are not
well watered, they wither and the authority will realize that the students were
not trustworthy. When nature is mishandled one's action will always find him
out. This way, these students learn very early in their lives to be
trustworthy. Trust goes hand in hand with faith. A farmer has to learn to be
patient and wait upon the Lord. In agriculture, we depend a lot on the Lord.
For example, we plant our seeds in the ground having great faith that they will
grow and provide feed for our animals. Farming enables one to have faith in God
and His providence for us. Many a times farmers just go to their knees and
place all their plans and goals in the hand of the Lord.
Many times a farmer finds
himself involved in business. This would be through direct sales of products in
the market and also through processing of raw materials to increase their
value. A case in point is when a farmer sells dairy products such as ghee,
butter, yogurt, and ice cream. The Lord encourages us to develop the intellect
to its fullest capacity, the Bible says that we must use all our might and mind
to know the creator. Christians ought to obtain all the education possible,
with the budget in view of imparting our knowledge to others (White, 1941). The
Lord desires for us to develop to the highest potential so we can serve Him
better. That way, we can be better stewards.
Another ethic is accountability.
Accountability refers to one being answerable to someone. A farmer must give
account to the landowner, the government and God for his stewardship role.
Students are trained to return to the government what belongs to it and also to
God what belongs to Him. Accountability indicates the quality of dependence
other people can depend on us to carry out the task at hand effectively.
Another ethic is
Nondiscrimination. This implies not making a difference in treatment or favor.
Treating all equally regardless of race, color or creed. We are all children of
God, created equally. We are all brothers and sisters in Christ and nothing
else should make any difference. This attitude can only be attained when we
focus our attention on Christ as our example. Christ loves all mankind no
matter who you are and where you are from.
Creativity
Agriculture trains one to
think and to look for ways to improve how we do things. Through creativity high
yielding varieties of crops have been developed, efficient machines are in use,
herbicides are being used to eradicate weeds, pesticides are being used to
control pests, etc. Training individuals to seek for better solutions for our
daily farming needs is at the heart of agriculture and its ability to continue
being useful into the future. It is important for students to realize that all
this creativity comes from God who is all-wise.
Stewardship
The most important is that
the land is not ours but it belongs to God. We are caretakers of the Lord's
vineyard. The Lord has given us talents to glorify His name. Man is a manager
of the earth resources and will one day be held accountable for how he used the
resources that were entrusted to him.
Application
Integration of faith and
learning can be defined as a deliberate and systematic process of approaching
the entire educational enterprise from a Biblical perspective. Its aim is to
ensure that students are under the influence of Christian teachers and that by
the time they leave school they will have internalized Biblical values and a
view of knowledge, life and destiny that is Christ centered, service oriented
and kingdom directed (Rasi, 1998).
Our worldview permeates every facet of our life. It comes out in the
way we work and relate with others. This enables us to inculcate spiritual
values in the teaching of our various subjects. Spiritually in the classroom
and school is a top concern of educators in Adventist schools (Kornijeczuk and
Kijai, 1994).
Integration of faith and learning can be promoted in agriculture in the
following ways:
Teach by example
The daily life of the
Christian teacher plays a big role in the manifestation of faith, learning and
integration (Kornijeczuk and Kijai, 1994). When we take Christ the master
teacher as our role model it is easy for students to accept spiritual matters.
When students perceive teachers as genuine, God fearing people, the influence
of Christ in their lives takes root easily. Teachers must show genuine love and
concern for students for integration faith in learning to take place. When one
loves the subject and also loves Jesus it becomes easy for us to input values
in the teaching of agriculture. Christ took rough fishermen and helped them to
become champions of truth through integration of faith and learning. Adventist
teachers have a role today to present Christ to their students. Seed that has
been planted today by faith will eventually germinate. Christian principles
must find deliberate expression throughout each teacher's instructions. One
important way to learn faith is to identify and imitate teacher's behavior
(Hill, 1998).
Students are precious in the
sight of God. The teacher, a steward, has a great responsibility in modeling
Christ before the students. The process of integrating faith and learning can
only be passed on by teachers who themselves have adapted it in their own
experience. However, in the process of bringing together faith and learning.
Adventist teachers must carefully respect the integrity of both religious
belief and academic discipline (Rasi, 1998).
Teacher/Student Relationship
Fieldwork gives opportunity
for the teacher to work with the students in the farm. The teacher gets to show
the students how various practices are done. This way we emulate Christ by
sharing Biblical precepts with our students. Christ, our example, mingled
freely with the people and provided their needs where they were. When we mingle
with students, it is easy to pass values such as positive attitude, humility,
respect of nature, etc.
White (1995) on an example
of how integration of faith and learning can be introduced in practical work
says "as children work, the teacher can explain the garden of the heart,
with the good or bad seed sown there, and that as the garden must be prepared
for natural seed, so the heart must be prepared for the seed of truth. As the
seed is cast into the ground, they can teach the lesson of Christ's death; and
as the blade springs up, the truth of resurrection. Practical work encourages
close observation and independent thought. It develops ability to plan and execute,
strengthens courage and perseverance, and calls for the exercise of tact and
skills (White, 1995).
The above qualities are
important for a good farmer to have. Shull (11CC:283-286) states that there is
improved student and teacher communication when teachers work with students in
the field. Lessons are easily grasped and related to spirituality in the field.
For example, as a teacher works with students pruning a fruit tree, he points
the students to the soon coming Messiah. The messiah will come to redeem His
own, while destroying the devil with his followers. Pruning a tree is done
normally by removal of plant parts to adjust the fruit load. It is also done to
improve the tree's appearance or usefulness. The usefulness results from
increased efficiency of light utilization or the facilitation of cultural
operations, such as harvesting or disease control. Furthermore, training and
pruning may enhance the productiveness of plants and the quality of plant
products (Janick, 1979). On the other hand as a mother hen covers and protects
her young ones from attack by birds of prey students can learn how God protects
His children. No matter how big or aggressive the attacking bird is, the mother
hen would rather lose her life so the chicks may live. This points to the Great
Controversy Christ is putting up against the dragon, to protect us. Christ
would have come to die in this world, even if there was only one sinner.
Quality may be seen as a quest for relationship, meaning and quality is part of
faith (Hill, 1998). Holmes (19787) states that the idea of a Christian values.
Sire (1990) also puts it that Christian teachers ought to have the mind of
Christ.
Using a Framework
A "framework" is a
statement of values and principles that guide curriculum development (Hill,
1998). Hill further states that these principles are derived from Adventist
education philosophy.
Value is an idea about what
someone thinks is important in life. The idea of value often involves the idea
of weighing up something, or choosing from alternatives. Value can be defined
further as a belief that guides actions and judgments (Hill, 1998). Students
make value judgments as a result of what they see or hear from a more powerful
person in this case –the teacher. Teachers should help students to develop a
solid Character, to realize their individual worth as God's children, embrace
Christian values and learn to make principled choices (Rasi, 1998).
When a teacher relies on Christ, the Spirit of Christ will come upon
him and God will work through him by the Holy Spirit upon the mind of others
(Ed, 131).
Conclusion
A teacher as a steward of
God's earth will model Christ in the classroom and on the farm by example. He
will prepare holistic young people who are looking forward to the return of the
Landowner. "All life with its culture and its learning must be penetrated
with Christian perspectives, if Jesus Christ is to be the Lord of all. All
young people's human potential must be as fully developed as possible, if the
stewardship of his or her life is to honor God" (Holmes, 1987).
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Baraton.
Foth, H. D. (1984). Fundamentals of Soil Science. John Wiley and Sons: New York.
Hill, B. (1998). Teaching Faith-Some Basic Concepts. Unpublished Paper Presented at
International Faith and Learning Seminar, University of Eastern Africa,
Baraton.
Hill, B. (1998). The Secondary Curriculum Framework in South Pacific. Unpublished
Paper Presented at International Faith and Learning Seminar, University of
Eastern Africa, Baraton.
Holmes, A. (1987). The Idea of a Christian College. William B. Eerdmans: Grand Rapids,
Michigan.
Janick, J. (1979). Horticultural Science. W. H. Freeman: San Francisco.
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Words and Phrases. Penguin Books: London.
Kornijeczuk, R. I. and J. Kijal (1994). "Theological
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Christian Education.
Palmer, J. (1993). To Know as We are Known. Harpers: San Francisco.
Rasi, H. (1998). Factors in the Integration of Faith and Learning. Unpublished Paper
Presented at International Faith and Learning Seminar held at University of
Eastern Africa, Baraton.
Rasi, H. (1998). World Views, Contemporary Culture and Adventist Education.
Unpublished Paper Presented at the International Faith and Learning Seminar,
University of Eastern Africa, Baraton.
Shull, J. L. (1987). Take a Micro-hike-Christ in the Classroom. 11:283-286.
Sire, J. (1990). Discipleship of the Mind. InterVarsity Press: Downers Grove,
Illinois.
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All Bible Quotations are from New
International Version (NIV).